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A 13th century CE illustration showing Byzantine emperor Michael III (r. 842-867 CE) crowning his great friend and political ally Basil the Macedonian co-emperor. The latter would take the crown himself in 867 CE as Basil I. (Madrid Sklitzes...

This marble head of the Roman Emperor Arcadius (reigned 395-408 CE) came from the foundation trench excavation of the Faculty of Letters-Beyazit, Istanbul, in modern-day Turkey. Late 4th century CE. The head was crowned with a double-string...

Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos (r. 1118-1143 CE). From a 12th century CE mosaic panel in the south gallery of the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. The emperor is shown offering a gift to the Virgin and young Christ.

An illustration from a 12th century CE manuscript depicting the coronation of Byzantine emperor Theophilos, r. 829-842 CE. (Madrid Skylitzes, National Library, Madrid)

By his skinny body, overly large head, and short garment, the boy is characterized as a slave. It is very likely that the statue belonged to a large funerary monument in Tarentum. The boy probably looked up to the statue of his deceased master...

Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (r. 1328-1341 CE). 14th-century CE miniature. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek.

Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (r. 1347-1354 CE) presiding over a synod. The Hesychast Council of Constantinople, 1351 CE. Constantinople, 1370-75 CE, paint on parchment, Greek Manuscript 1242, fol.5 v, 33,5x24 cm. Bibliothèque...

Constantine XI Palaiologos, the Despot of the Morea (r. 1443-1449 CE) and the last Byzantine emperor (r. 1449-1453 CE) History of John Zonaras, Mutinensis gr.122, f.294r, Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Modena

A 13th century CE illustration showing Byzantine emperor Basil I (r. 867-886 CE) confronting Leo VI, his son, murderer and successor. (Madrid Sklitzes, National Library, Madrid)

A portrait bust of Byzantine emperor Leo I (r. 457-474 CE). (Louvre Museum, Paris)